Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Update - Assignment Example 34). For the most part, it is a lot of equipment, programming, individuals, strategies and systems basic in the creation, the board, dispersion, utilization, stockpiling and renouncement of computerized authentications as traded through unbound channels, for example, the web. The PKI gives a chance to an advanced declaration, which makes it conceivable to distinguish an individual or an association utilizing the web (Mjã ¸lsnes 104). Further, it is conceivable to store and simultaneously renounce declarations given to people and associations. There are still seller administrations and approaches for the PKI, similarly as specialists chip away at the web standard for the equivalent. The Wi-Fi Alliance (WPA), a middle of the road measure intended to occur of WEP was executed through redesigned firmware on remote system interface cards, deliberately intended for WEP (Doherty 137). Be that as it may, in light of the fact that adjustments in the remote passages (WPA) were increasingly broad contrasted with those required on the system cards, it was difficult to overhaul the majority of the pre-2003 WAPs. The answer for this issue was the advancement of the WPA2. Loì pez, Javier, Pierangela Samarati, and Josep L. Ferrer. Public Key Infrastructure: fourth European Pki Workshop : Theory and Practice, Europki 2007, Palma De Mallorca, Spain, June 28-30, 2007 : Proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2007. Print. Mjã ¸lsnes, Stig F, S Mauw, and Sokratis K. Katsikas. Public Key Infrastructure: fifth European Pki Workshop : Theory and Practice, Europki 2008, Trondheim, Norway, June 16-17, 2008 : Proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

Beliefs In The Existence Of Ghosts And Poltergeists Term Paper

Convictions In The Existence Of Ghosts And Poltergeists - Term Paper Example Saul was slanted to fits and dreams, and maybe in this occasion, all that happened was that his creative mind took over when he was frantic. The forecast wasn’t even thoroughly right, in spite of the fact that Saul would bite the dust because of the Philistines †yet that is probably going to have happened at any rate he was so dispirited. Webster’s Dictionary characterizes a phantom as being ‘a soul or an evil spirit, a bodiless soul.’ accepted to be an occupant of a concealed world. Kipling, whose child kicked the bucket in the Ist World War and who may well have needed contact with him, is notice individuals to disregard well. The apparition of Samuel isn't, obviously, the main notable artistic phantom. In the Odyssey, Homer portrays how Circe instructs Odysseus to counsel the spirits concerning the dead. ( Odyssey 11 v 23-28.) There is additionally Hamlet’s father in Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Banquo in his Macbeth., the apparitions being gadgets to clarify a character’s internal emotions or move the story on. ‘Whethering Heights’ by Emily Brontã © ( 1847) has its Kathy ripping at the windows. Dickens, obviously, had Marley appearing to Scrooge ( A Christmas Carol, 1843), one of only a handful not many examples in writing where some great came about. In current movies, we have the Ghostbusters and obviously the Harry Potter films, the two of which show phantoms as being shrewd things, in spite of the fact that J.K. Rowling additionally depicts progressively delicate creatures, for example, Harry’s guardians. In C.S. Lewis’s ‘The Great Divorce’ (1 945) the creator depicts apparitions who need to pick whether to surrender their transgressions and go to paradise or whether they like to hold them and take a hike. Stevie Smith in her 1953 sonnet ‘ Not waving however drowning’ has the dead man clarifying his bind.

How Marijuana Can Affect Fertility

How Marijuana Can Affect Fertility Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print How Marijuana Can Affect Fertility By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 01, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 08, 2019 Dana Tezarr/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Although the link between marijuana and fertility is not straightforwardâ€"plenty of marijuana smokers get pregnant and get their partners pregnantâ€"research demonstrates the negative impact that marijuana can have on fertility which could be affecting you, your partner, or the fertility of both of you. Female Fertility Even before intercourse takes place, marijuana decreases libido. And if you arent feeling in the mood, its that much more difficult to get started.?? Because early drug use is associated with other risk behaviors, teenage girls who smoke marijuana are more likely to get pregnant. However, the effects of marijuana on fertility seem to accumulate over time. So, by your mid-twenties, as a chronic marijuana smoking woman, you are more likely to experience a delay in getting pregnant. Even occasional users of marijuana may have reduced fertility.?? Women who smoke marijuana have an increased risk of infertility due to abnormal ovulation, even for those women who have used low levels of marijuana within a year of trying to get pregnant. Marijuana use also increases the risk of miscarriage and is known to cross the placenta, although the effects of marijuana exposure in the womb are not as well documented as the effects of alcohol and some other drugs.?? Male Fertility Despite the relaxation effects that many people associate with marijuana use, research has shown marijuana has negative effects on the male sexual response. Marijuana has been found to increase impotence. As well as interfering with you and your partner being able to have sex, impotence can also have negative effects on the male ego. If your husband has been impotent, he may be feeling more pressure to have sex to get you pregnant, but be frustrated with his inability to do so. This can lead to misunderstandings between you that make it more difficult to have sex. Marijuana can also interfere with a mans ability to ejaculate. Marijuana also negatively affects sperm production, reducing sperm count. The sperm produced by a marijuana smoking man show an abnormal pattern of activityâ€"instead of swimming slowly, allowing them to conserve energy for the long journey to the egg, they are initially hyperactive, then run out of energy often before they can penetrate the egg.?? Quit to Prepare for Parenthood Obviously, if you are both smoking marijuana, you risk increasing the chances of infertility as a couple, with the accumulated risks of lower sexual desire, a greater chance of impotence, fewer and weaker sperm, and ovulatory problems. Quitting marijuana can be harder than many long-term marijuana users expect, so you and your husband would be wise to quit as soon as possible, while you still have time to get help before getting pregnant. If either or both parents still use marijuana when the baby arrives, you are increasing the risk that your child will use drugs in the future, and parental drug use is implicated in many difficulties for children and families. Your family doctor can help you with a referral to a counselor or clinic that can help you both quit. ?Couples counseling, which is offered by many addiction clinics, would be particularly helpful at this time. If you are already engaged in infertility treatment, coming clean about your marijuana could save you a lot of time, money, and heartache, if marijuana is the culprit for your difficulties with conception.

An Analysis on the Influence of Christianity on English...

I.Introduction The diversity of culture is a reminder that the history of English is a story of culture during the past 1,500 years. The English language people use today went through three stages. Namely, old English ,middle wnglish and modern English. if people look back to the history of English, it’s certain to say that many elements have helped to shape the language, but one element that so crucial that we should pay special attention to is the influence of Christianity. II.on English General Vocabulary In the west, Christianity has always been an important part of ideology, and infiltrated into all aspects of English vocabulary. 2.1.Day-to-day Words The word breakfast originally came from the Christian habbit of†¦show more content†¦Many allusions are household, but not everyone necessarily knows that they came from Bible. 3.1 From Matthew The salt of the earth . Salt serves a dual role of seasoning and preservative in the world and salt must be dissolved in order to make the food tasteful. Jesus warned Christians to prevent people’s moral depravity. Cast pearls before swine. Jesus told his disciples to have insight, but not arbitrarily judge others, not waste energy passing gospels to those ungrateful people, it will only fall on deaf ears in vain. Judas’s kiss Students greeting their teachers with a kiss is a practice for jews. But judas’s kiss implied officers and men: this person is the one they want to arrest. This kiss made clear the hypocrisy and shifty and Judah, and later refers to betrayal. It is thus evident that to know more about Bible stories can both increase our understandings about western culture, and grasp the authentic English idioms and mottoes, both entertain and inform. 3.2 From Exodus An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.This is an ordinance to punish the atrocities of the OldTestament.In ancient times, the concept of punishment was based on equivalent compensation. Not only the Hebrews of the Old Testament time comply with this principle , but also the rather civilized societies. 3.3 From Book of Job The patience of Job Refers to great patience.God preached to Satan, Jobs virtue and piety, Satan disapproved. Job, of course,Show MoreRelatedIndian Independence1255 Words   |  6 Pagesclothes. They had to buy the British goods and clothes. This put many Indian Industries out of business. â€Å"It was comprised of individual territories controlled by different rulers. The EIC brokered contracts with these rulers and gradually gained influence over the subcontinent,† (McGrath.). The Dutch already took control of the Spice Islands so the British thought of taking over India but they were controlled in small territories and by uniting them it would be easier for the British to achieve moneyRead MoreWhy I Am, The Way I Talk1358 Words   |  6 Pagescause and effect of speech has made me realize how important language is, and has made me aware of the effects and influence I can have on people solely based on the way I speak. There are many factors to consider when de-layering and figuring how my speech was formed, such as people, regions/places, communities and religion, which all has impacted on how I present myself and how I perceive others. Vietnamese was my native language, as I was born in Vietnam, and remained there until the ageRead MoreSingapore : The Worlds Highest Percentage Of Millionaires1141 Words   |  5 Pagesmost recent information gathering. The next most practiced religion is Christianity, followed by Islam, Taoism, and Hinduism. 17% of the population did not have a religious affiliation. The percentage of Christians, Taoists, and non-religious people increased between 2000 and 2010 by about 3% each, at the same time as the amount of Buddhists decreased. Other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population. An analysis by the Pew Research Center found Singapore to be the world s mostRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas King s Borders, The Young Boy And His Sister1062 Words   |  5 PagesBorders, the young boy and his sister when compared to their mother reveals a striking example of not only a generational gap, but a cultural gap between newer generations of First Nations Peoples a nd their parents. Borders clearly emphasizes the influence that Western society and culture has on young Aboriginal Canadians not only in terms of tradition, but Aboriginal identity as well. The degree in which Aboriginal identity is explored within King’s short story is bold, yet contains subtleties pertainingRead MoreKraft Food Inc Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesrespectful to environmental needs, and the openness and integrity they seek to commit to the consumers. These are the values for which Kraft’s closely follows to achieve their corporate goals by being truthful to their consumers. Environmental Analysis of the industry : Singapore Economic overview Singapore, a highly-developed and successful free-market economy, which historically revolves around extended entrepot trade and enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free environment. The economyRead MoreKraft Food Inc1572 Words   |  7 Pagesrespectful to environmental needs, and the openness and integrity they seek to commit to the consumers. These are the values for which Kraft’s closely follows to achieve their corporate goals by being truthful to their consumers. Environmental Analysis of the industry : Singapore Economic overview Singapore, a highly-developed and successful free-market economy, which historically revolves around extended entrepot trade and enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free environment. The economyRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinction between the two writings is the center of the argument, analysis, and criticism. Dukore weaves his argument into human futility, nature, religion and the influence and meanings of character names. Begam, on the other hand, concentrates more on what happens on stage while playing Beckett’s play. What is surprising is that most analysts hold the view that nothing happens in that play. Moreover, Begam analyses deeply the language and literacy techniques used in the play by comparing with otherRead MoreThe Philosophy of Erich Fromm1123 Words   |  5 Pagesin particular Western civilization, is directed by the having mode. Consequently, it is on the brink of a catastrophe. The book starts with a vivid example of two poets’ perceptions of a roadside flower which immediately captures attention. The English poet Tennyson wants to have the flower and plucks it out, while the Japanese poet, Basho, just admires its beauty from a distance. However, Fromm does not simply praise the East and criticize the West. â€Å"The difference is rather between a society centeredRead MoreExploring The New World Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesthe traditional base of existence changed due to the Colonists’ victory, the local Native communities had to adapt certain aspects of their culture in order to survive. Rich source of misunderstanding between Indian and White Anglo-Saxon cultural analysis is the different attitude of most Native Americans to such concepts as Nature, the environment, and social values. Wolves held a special place in almost all Native American tribes. They were admired for their strength and powers of endurance, andRead MoreThe Struggle Between Tradition and Change1056 Words   |  5 Pagesof human experiences, universal themes, and timeless struggles that appeal to every human, regardless of familiarity with Nigerian culture. Taken as a whole, the novel appears to be much more than the sum of its parts: syntax, diction, figurative language, imagery, repetition, and symbols. Things Fall Apart is definitely a novel with literary worth. As a story about a culture on the verge of change, Things Fall Apart deals with how the viewpoint and reality of change affect a number of characters

The Fair Equality Of Opportunity - 1472 Words

1.) Daniels uses the â€Å"fair equality of opportunity† for his argument on his views on the strong right to healthcare. He states that you can t be considered a normal functioning human if you are diseased or have disabilities that restrict your range of opportunities. Because everyone should be able to obtain the same equal opportunities, if adequate healthcare is what they need to get back to a normal functioning state then that is what they should be able to receive. Buchanan thinks that the notion of a universal right of decent minimum healthcare cannot justify a mandatory decent minimum policy because it fails to demonstration distributive justice along with utilitarianism. His four main arguments that account for a right to a decent†¦show more content†¦His augment for the enforcement of beneficence states that by forcing an individual to contribute to the goal at hand will overcome the temptation to withhold their contribution and to also assure the individual th at everyone is going to contribute and he won’t be the only one donating to the cause. Both arguments contain the assumption that there is a standard when it comes to the moral obligation between society and individuals in need. 2.) In Rachel s Smith-Jones experiment he present a situation where two people have the desire to kill their nephew in order to hopefully receive a large sum of money. In Smiths situation he physically drowns the child while he s in a bath and in Jones’ situation the child slips, hits his head, and drowns himself in the bath water by accident. Jones was prepared to drown the child himself but there was no need because it already happened by accident without his doing, but Jones watches the whole thing and doesn t do anything to prevent it. Rachel s point in this situation is that neither situation, killing as apposed to letting die, aren t seen as having any moral difference. Both people acted upon the same motive and both situations had the same outcome. This case helps Rachel to make his point that, for a physician’s case, there is no difference between active and passive euthanasia.

Finding Nemo Free Essays

â€Å"Finding Nemo† (2003) written and directed by Andrew Stanton, and Lee Unkrich, is the story of a father-son underwater adventure featuring Nemo, a boy clownfish, stolen from his coral reef home. His timid father must then travel to Sydney and search Sydney Harbour to find Nemo. Animated feature-length films have carved a niche in American culture as a viable and enduring art form. We will write a custom essay sample on Finding Nemo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Animated films have offered a glimpse into another world that often could not be shown by any other filmmaking means. Finding Nemo’s computer-generated ocean is full of animated characters that are an absolute blast. There is some real-world scenery, but the incredible graphics make it hard to tell what’s real and what’s not. Disney/Pixar brings to life an ocean full of funny marine life, like forgetful Dory, and Bruce the shark with his buddies, Chum and Anchor. There are these, like, totally cool hang ten turtles that are the raddest bunch of surfer dudes in the ocean. The animation in Finding Nemo is excellent; you would expect nothing less from Pixar. The scenery is dominated by bright blue ocean colors and colourful fish. The animation used cutting edge technology in the production of the movie, which was released in 2003 and the results still delight to this day. Even now when you look back at it, it is still of a very high standard. The animators at Pixar Animation Studios were expected to scuba dive as part of the preparation and production. This enabled them to understand how light is reflected underwater, and to see the interaction of the ocean’s inhabitants for themselves. The experience then translated beautifully onto the screen through their realistic portrayal of Nemo’s world. Nemo’s underwater masterpieces in my opinion are the greatest achievement in animation. During Marlin’s journey we see one of animation’s most visibly stunning scenes ever, the Jellyfish. As Marlin and Dory approach the trench, Marlin decides to swim over to it against the advice Dory shared and quickly forgot. As they swim over the trench, thousands of jellyfish descend into the shot. I was blown away. I found myself staring at what appeared to be a Discovery Channel special on underwater life. (To think I was playing Frogger just 20 years ago and computers can now do this! ) The visual design is a wonder. It’s absolutely astonishing how the folks at Pixar are able to top themselves with each new movie. This is an excellent achievement in computer animation. While Disney/Pixar has redefined animation in the past with Toy Story, Toy Story 2, A Bug’s Life, and Monsters, Inc. Now, Pixar is just showing off with Nemo. How to cite Finding Nemo, Papers

Toy story Essay Example

Toy story Essay This is story about toys. When I was a child, I didnt have many toys, so I new Andy, because it appears that he has many toys. He and other children characters seem to like doll toys. But I preferred stuffed toy animal. I have thought they come alive at midnight and play all sorts of pranks. In this movie, toys come alive when there is no one around. But they are very funny. If I watched it earlier, I might also have liked dolls. Woody is the Andy favorite toy, and the leader of his toys. His character is a cowboy, so his style looks western. On his back, there is a string with a ring at its edge. We will write a custom essay sample on Toy story specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Toy story specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Toy story specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Pulling it, he says some words. Actually he is a wooden doll and a little old. But Andy loves him heartily. Buzz Lightener is the toy space ranger and the latest model toy. He has some buttons on his body, and pushing them, he says some cool words clearly. Pushing the other buttons, his arm gives Off red laser or he spreads his wings. Moreover he has a strong sense of Justice, so almost all the toys like him. Slinky is funny and my favorite character. He is the Woodsy best friend. When Woody was in trouble, only two he and Boo Peep worried about him. Boo Peep is the shepherd doll and has beautiful blue eyes. Woody loves her. Rexes is also my favorite toy, a dinosaur who is not at all dreadful. He is scared if the stronger dinosaur appears, on the other hand, looks forward to seeing herbivorous dinosaur because he wants to be proud that he is fresh-eating. He is such a funny and cute toy, I thought. Andy is the owner of there toys and he loves toys. He writes his own name at Woodsy sole . Side is Andy neighbor. He also likes toys, but he loves remodeling toys. After that, the toys were done so are left themselves for the long time. Andy mother presented him the latest toy, Buzz Lightener, a space ranger. Andy was absorbed in him soon. Woody envied Buzz. One day, they left at the gas station in accident and tried to return to Andy. But they were on bad. Moreover, they were taken by Side. At his house, they started to be reconciled little by little. Buzz helped Woody from a cage and Woody saved Buzzs life. After that, they could return to Andy together. Toys have their own character. Boo Peep also needs for Andy even though she is female and a doll for girl, because she has a role. I thought if there are various kinds of people, our real world may be more interesting.

To Kill A Mockingbird (by Harper Lee) essay about Jem and Scouts relationship with Boo Radley

To Kill A Mockingbird (by Harper Lee) essay about Jem and Scouts relationship with Boo Radley Jem + Scouts Relationship with Boo RadleyJem and Scout have quite a strange relationship with Boo Radley. Jem and Scout are very interested in the life of Boo Radley and because of Boo leaving gifts in the knot hole I think that Boo is interested in the life of Jem and Scout too.Jem and Scout often get into trouble because of their active imaginations. They always play games about Boo even though this is frowned on by Atticus. Jem thinks that Boo 'was about six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels and any cats that he could catch, that's why his hands were blood stained. There was also a long jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time'. This description is obviously inaccurate.Scout is scared of Boo.chewing gums Espaà ±ol: chiclà © Ù Ã˜ §Ã˜ ±Ã˜ ³Ã›Å': Ø ¢Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ §Ã¯ ¿ ½...This is shown because every time Jem and Dill want to do something involving Boo she alwa ys says that she's 'gonna tell Atticus' because she is scared. She never does though because she wants to keep the respect of Dill and Jem.Dill, Scout and Jems imaginations run wild when they play the 'Radley game'. I think that their descriptions in the game are very inaccurate - Boo is probably a normal person and they should not judge him.Boo might actually be a kind and generous person because he left Jem and Scout a few gifts in the pot hole. These gifts were - two chewing gums, two 'indian head' pennies, a ball of grey twine, soap with two images carved in them, a pocket watch and an aluminium knife. Mr Radley (Boo's father) filled up the pot hole though, much to Jem and Scouts...

Collective Bargaining Definition

Collective Bargaining Definition Collective bargaining is an organized labor process through which employees negotiate with their employers to resolve workplace problems and disputes. During collective bargaining, the concerns and demands of the employees are usually presented by their union representatives. Agreements reached through the bargaining process typically establish terms of employment such as wages and hours, benefits, worker health and safety, training, and the grievance resolution processes. Contracts resulting from these negotiations are often referred to as a â€Å"collective bargaining agreement,† or CBA.   Key Takeaways: Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining is a function of unionized labor by which workers negotiate with their employers to resolve problems and disputes that could otherwise result in strikes or work-stoppagesIssues involved in collective bargaining often include wages, benefits, and working conditionsThe result of collective bargaining negotiations is a mutually binding contract or Collective Bargaining Agreement or CBA Brief History of Collective Bargaining in America The American Industrial Revolution of the 1800s spurred the growth of the unionized labor movement. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) gave many workers bargaining powers. In 1926, President Calvin Coolidge signed the Railway Labor Act formally requiring employers to bargain with unions as a way of avoiding economy-crippling strikes. A product of the Great Depression, the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 made it illegal for employers to deny workers the right to form new unions or to join existing unions. The National Labor Relations Act The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) prohibits employers from preventing employees from forming or joining unions and from retaliating against employees for taking part in union activities. The NLRA bans so-called â€Å"closed shop† arrangements under which employers require all employees to join a certain union as a condition of their employment. While government workers, farm workers, and independent contractors are not covered by the NLRA, several states give state and local government workers and farm workers the right to unionize. The Collective Bargaining Process When issues in terms of employment arise, the NLRA requires the unions (labor) and the employers (management) to bargain â€Å"in good faith† on the issues involved until they either agree on a contract or reach a mutually-agreed stand-off, known as an â€Å"impasse.† In the event of an impasse, employers can impose conditions of employment as long as they had previously been offered to the employees before the impasse was reached. In either case, the result is often the prevention of a strike. Contracts agreed to through collective bargaining are mutually binding and, except under extraordinary circumstances, neither side may deviate from the contract’s terms without the consent of the other party. When legal problems arise during collective bargaining sessions, they are resolved by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the independent federal agency assigned to deal with organized labor disputes and to protect the rights of employees by enforcing the NLRA. What Does ‘In Good Faith’ Mean? The NLRA requires both employers and employees to bargain â€Å"in good faith.† But considering the massive number of disputes claiming failures to negotiate in good faith, that go before the NLRB every year, the term is rather vague. While there is no specific list, a few examples of acts that might be found to violate the â€Å"in good faith† requirement include: Refusing to bargain with the other side about valid workplace issues.Changing or disregarding the terms of a signed contract without the consent of the other sideUnilaterally changing terms of employment.Agreeing to a contract with no intention of actually honoring its terms. Good faith disputes that cannot be resolved are referred to the NLRB. The NLRB then decides whether the parties should â€Å"go back to the table† for further bargaining or declare an impasse, leaving the existing contract in force. The Union’s Duties in Collective Bargaining Labor unions are not obligated to support all or even any of the demands of its workers in collective bargaining negotiations. The NLRA requires only that unions treat and represent all of their members fairly and equally.   Most unions have specific internal grievance procedures to be followed by workers who believe the union has failed to uphold their rights or otherwise treated them unfairly. For example, an employee who feels the union acted unfairly in refusing to support his or her demands for more overtime hours than agreed to in the existing contract would first look to the union’s grievance procedure for relief. Pros and Cons of Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining gives employees a voice. Non-union workers often have no choice but to accept the terms of employment imposed by management or be replaced by employees who will. The legally-ensured right to negotiate empowers employees to seek a more beneficial situation. The collective bargaining process has contributed to higher wages, better benefits, safer workplaces, and improved quality of life for all American workers, whether they are union members or not. On the other hand, collective bargaining can result in a loss of productivity. The bargaining process can take months and require the participation of many, if not all employees during working hours. In addition, there is no guarantee that the process will prevent a strike or work slow-down. Sources and Reference â€Å"Collective Bargaining.† American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO).â€Å"Employee Rights.† National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)..â€Å"Collective bargaining rights.† National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).â€Å"National Labor Relations Act.† National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).â€Å"Can I be required to be a union member or pay dues to a union?.† National Right to Work.

Environmental Legislation Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Legislation Report - Coursework Example The various environmental laws and legislations include several restrictions that the site must follow in order to operate in a hassle free manner. Since the power station between the estate and the landfill site served as an intermediary, the problems were comparatively lesser. The increase in the number of industries led to litter, pest and pollution. When considering this situation, the board of directors of Ambrosia must ensure that they follow the environmental laws and legislations. They must also modify their operations to avoid problems in the future. Environmental laws are different in each country and the country expects the industries to abide by the legislations. The environmental laws of a country aim at protecting the environment from hazardous chemicals. The environmental laws in U.K and the European countries are more severe when compared to the other countries. The environmental laws came into existence only when the protection and preservation of environment was considered as the major issue. These environmental laws include legislations for pollution, protection of wildlife, litter and other environment related issues. One of the major environment laws is the one that deals with the wastage of a factory. Factories fail to dispose their wastes in a proper manner. Instead they tend to leave it unattended where they get into river fields and water reservoirs. The law was passes in the year 1972 and it was named, Poisonous wastes Act. When considering this landfill site, air pollution is the major problem and most of the Claimants complain about the dust that is exerted from the landfill site. The landfill site is surrounded by several industries which include silver factory, gas works and liquorice industries. All these industries emit certain amount of gases and dust which create a problem to the residents. This report aims at helping the authorities of the Ambrosia

HADRON COLLIDER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HADRON COLLIDER - Essay Example The LHC is used by physicists in the recreation of conditions immediately after the Big Bang. This is done by the collision of the two beams at a very high energy. However, groups of physicists from allover the world then examine the particles that are formed as a result of the collisions by the use of particular detectors in several tests dedicated to it. There are several theories that describe the outcomes of these collisions. For long, the particle physics Standard Model has served scientists well as a way of comprehending the basis laws of Nature, however, it tells only part of the story. Only the trial data by the use of high energies that are arrived at by the LHC can be able to push the knowledge forward, thus challenging those that seek proof of the found knowledge, as well as those who tend to dream past the paradigm (Rossi 50).            Rumors from an internal memo has it that one of the CERNs Large Hadron Collider detectors has picked up some signals that could actually be the particle that has been sought after for a long period of time, which is known as the Higgs boson. Nevertheless, one of the major scientific objectives of the massive six billion Euros atom smasher was to demonstrate or confirm the Higgs bosons presence, a hypothetical practice that is believed to provide everything in the world or universe mass (Steiger&Uhl 73). Nevertheless, the particle is a critical part of the typical model that is used in physics in the description of the way in which atoms and particles are constituted. â€Å"Unconfirmed reports that physicians are currently working on the LHC indicated that the Higgs boson started circulating after a theoretical internal memo was published on the internet. Scientists quickly urged carefulness over the assertions as most particles candidates that appear in the colli sion tests at the LHC are

ministers black veil :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Hooper is the minister of the town of Milford. One Sunday, Mr. Hooper decides to come to church wearing a black veil. He delivers his sermon while wearing the black veil even though his parishioners shy away from him and the veil adds an ominous touch to the service. After church he goes to mingle with the congregation outside, while continuing to wear the veil, and people act like they don’t know him, don’t walk beside him, and forget to invite him out to lunches that are a traditional part of Sundays there. That afternoon Mr. Hooper oversees a funeral. He still hasn’t taken off the veil, though it is a bit more appropriate in this setting to be wearing it. Then that evening he conducts a wedding with the veil still on, making it the gloomiest wedding of that time. The village people think he is losing his mind and want to talk to him and find out why his wearing the veil, but can’t seem to get the courage to do it. His wife also l eaves him because he refuses to take off the veil. Mr. Hooper doesn’t take off the veil as long as his lives, and even on his death bed refuses to take it off his earthly form   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Hooper teaches a very good lesson with this veil. Everybody has a â€Å"black veil† that they hide something behind. It is not until that things are put in the open for everybody to see that they start shunning you. If you keep your secrets hidden inside you, people still associate with you because they don’t try to look past what is on the surface, in case they might find something that they don’t like or is out of the ordinary. I don’t like that people are superficial enough to let something as small as a veil get in the way of how they feel about the minister, because the veil doesn’t change who the minister is as a person.

Developing Strategic Management and Leadership

Assignment on Developing Strategic Management and Leadership Skills Unit 1 Edexcel BTEC level 2 Extended Diploma in strategic Management and Leadership (QCF) Assignment Topics AC(1. 1)Explain the link between strategic management and leadership. AC(1. 2)Analyze the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decision. AC(1. 3)Evaluate how leadership styles can be adapted to different situations. AC(2. 1)Review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational strategic. AC(2. )Create a leadership strategic that supports organizational direction AC(3. 1)Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements. AC(3. 2)Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership. AC(4. 1)Plan the developing of leadership skills for a specific requirement. AC(4. 2)Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills. Note: The Chosen Organization for the Assignment is TESCO. [pic] Tesco is a global grocery and general merchandise retailer headquartered in Cheshunt, United Kingdom.It is the third-largest retailer in the world measured by revenues (after Wal-Mart and Carrefour) and the second-largest measured by profits (after Wal-Mart). It has stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe and North America and is the grocery market leader in the UK (where it has a market share of around 30%), Malaysia, the Republic of Ireland and Thailand. The company was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 and opened its first store in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, and Middlesex. The Tesco name first appeared after Cohen purchased a shipment of tea from T. E.Stockwell and combined those initials with the first two letters of his surname. Originally a UK-focused grocery retailer, Tesco has diversified both geographically and into areas such as the retailing of books, clothing, electronics, furniture, petrol and software; financial services; telecoms and internet services; DVD rental; and music down loads. Tesco is chosen for the assignment due to certain reasons. Tesco is one of Britain’s fastest-growing and most innovative retailers, recognized as one of the best companies to work for in the UK. Tesco gives their employees clear objectives and expectations.At the same time, they also allowed more freedom for individual initiative than most other retailers, as they believe that it is ultimately this sort of personal touch that can make all the difference to their customers. [Source: Tesco Website: http://www. tesco. com] Table of Contents |Task |Topic |Page | |AC(1. 1) |Explain the link between strategic management and leadership. |5 | |AC(1. 2) |Analyze the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decision. 7 | |AC(1. 3) |Evaluate how leadership styles can be adapted to different situations. |9 | |AC(2. 1) |Review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational |10 | | |strategic. | | |AC(2. 2) |Create a leadership strategic that supports organizational direction. |13 | |AC(3. 1) |Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements. |14 | |AC(3. 2) |Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership. 17 | |AC(4. 1) |Plan the developing of leadership skills for a specific requirement. |19 | |AC(4. 2) |Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills. |21 | |- |Reference |22 | |- |Bibliography |22 | AC(1. 1): Explain the link between strategic management and leadership.To explain the link between strategic management and leadership we should have a clear understanding of what these two terms actually mean. After understanding these two terms we can easily explain the link between them. Strategic Management: According to Barratt and Mottershead (2000), strategy is described as the way of achieving our objectives. Strategy enables us to ensure that all our work and things we do every day are going to help us in the long term inte rests of the organization. Strategic Management is the process of establishing and maintaining good strategies.Making and defining strategy is not enough, you will have to work out a plan for implementing that strategy in its true spirit. Good strategic management is plays a key role in approaching business opportunities and challenges. Leadership: There are different ways of describing leadership so it is very difficult to provide a single definition that fulfills the task. As Brindley and Buckley (2004) argued that, â€Å"Leadership has been identified as the process by which individual and group activities are influenced towards organizational goals†. The same thing is narrated in Business ManagementStudy Manual compiled by The Association of Business Executives (2007). They are of the view that, â€Å"Leadership is a process by which individuals are influenced so that they will be prepared to participate in the achievement of organizational or group goals. † While Marcouse (2008) narrates that, â€Å"Leadership, at its best, means inspiring staff to achieve demanding goals. † All these things emphasize on one basic idea and that is Inspiration or Influence. So we can say that Leadership is the art of getting things done by inspiration or influence of the leader on its followers while Management mainly depends on the analysis and ground realities.After all the discussion we came to the conclusion that Leadership and Strategic management are interlinked with some minor differences. In the case of strategic management we are trying our best to achieve some long term goals and the same is the case with leadership. In both cases we should have someone with a broad vision; either it’s a leader or a manager. The bottom line of all this discussion is beautifully captured by the golden words of Field Marshal Slim that (quoted in Business Management Study Manual), â€Å"Leadership is of the spirit, compounded of personality and vision: i ts practice is an art.Management is more a matter of accurate calculation, of statistics, methods, timetable and routine: its practice is a science. † AC(1. 2): Analyze the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions. Leadership and Management Styles: There is famous saying that, â€Å"Change is the only unchangeable thing in nature† (Heller & Hindle, 2008). Similarly in our daily life things are changing rapidly and we have to adopt ourselves to these changes. We can’t say that we will remain in the same situation forever.We have to act according the situation. Similarly there certain ups and downs in organizations as well. So the managers and leaders adopt different styles for different situation. According to Whitcomb (2000), some famous and widely recognized styles are: a) Autocratic: In this style people are told what to do and how to do. They have no role in decision making. Once made, a decision must not be questioned. b) Democratic: In this style decisions are made on the views of as many people as possible that are involved. ) Passive: In this style people are given general directions on the tasks to be tackled and then left alone to achieve them in the way they think is best. d) Charismatic: In this style leader influences and motivates others because of his/her outstanding personality or character. As mentioned earlier, that these styles depend on certain situations and to be a good leader/manager you would have to adopt all of them. All these styles of management and leadership have certain impact on strategic decisions. The organizations led by Autocratic leader are basically Task Oriented.According to Jenkins and Hamman (2001), the advantage of such style is that the decisions are made quickly because people know where they stand. But the employees in such organizations are not happy to some extent because they have no role in decision making. As Barratt and Mottershead (2000) is of the opinion that in Au tocratic leadership the Work-force is not encouraged to think for itself, and emphasis is more on quantity than quality. While the organizations led by Democratic leaders have proved good because they are both Task oriented as well as Relationship oriented.But according to Barratt and Mottershead (2000) the decision making process is slow and that can be dangerous. And the organizations led by Passive style are Relationship oriented. And Marcouse (2008) is of the view that this only occurs when the manager is very busy or very lazy or has confidence on his/her team and knows what they are capable of. According to Whitcomb (2000), Charismatic style of leadership is very rare but can be very successful in the extent to which they can motivate others to do things to support them. AC(1. 3): Evaluate how leadership styles can be adopted to different situations.Leadership styles can be adopted according to the situations. For example; during a war a commander has to make quick decisions ( Brindley and Buckley, 2004), or in the case of a natural disaster there is no time for suggestions from the people, so autocratic style will be perfect. The bottom line is that for quick decision you should always go for the Autocratic style. In the case of a Research and Development Organization, employees are highly trained, skilled and professional people, so the style that best suits this situation is Laissez-faire.Because employees know what they are doing and what are their goals. And the situation that is the best candidate for Democratic style is a youth club planning for their summer camp. They will have to take suggestions from all the persons involved and then will make a decision. In this case the decision making process is slow but effective at the end of the day. AC(2. 1): Review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational strategy in your chosen organization. Every single person on this earth is different.The difference may be in way of thinking, analyzing something, working or implementing something. Along the course of life humans made many theories about things around them, some of them were wrong and some proved successful. Human are called the most superior species on planet earth and this superiority is due to the fact that humans learn from their mistakes. So humans learnt a lot from their mistakes and devised new theories. In this task we are going to focus our attention on the different theories of leadership and management made during 19th and 20th century.Theories of management and leadership: According to Morris (1999), â€Å"The first-rate way of making a fool of oneself is to propose as new an approach tried and rejected by earlier generations†. There are a lot of ways of doing something, some of them have been tried before and some are not. So a successful manager always learns from the past experiences and tries not to repeat the mistakes. The 20th century has seen many theories of management applied to the organizations; some of them are described below. a) The Classical School: According to Morris (1999), this approach is ased on the main purpose and the structure of the organization. The organization is just like a machine, just feed the input and get the output. The role and position of every individual is defined. People are supposed to do things as mentioned by the higher level, human feelings are irrelevant. b) Bureaucracy: The main emphasis is on the performance and duties of the individuals. The duties of the all the individuals are fixed according to the area of their expertise. And like Classical School theory, human feelings are irrelevant. ) Systems Theory: This theory was developed in 1950s and 1960s. The theory is based on the working of a typical system. It takes certain input (raw material, people) and transforms them through a process into output (organizational goals). d) Human Relations Theory: This theory was developed in 1930s. The main theme of this theory is the human relations. The Association of Business Executives in Organizational Behavior mentioned that, â€Å"to understand and improve an organization, you need to understand the people who work for it. † ) Contemporary Theories: These theories are based upon the idea of sticking to the key functions of the organization and puts emphasis on going towards excellence. f) Contingency Theories: This theory emphasizes that there is no single particular way of running an organization. Everything is dependent on the situations through which the organization is passing by. Impact on Tesco: Tesco is one of the leading organizations, with a vision of providing people everything they need, under one roof at affordable price. Now we see the impact of the selected theories of management on the strategy of Tesco.The impact of Classical School theory on Tesco’s strategy is a bit disappointing because Tesco believes in excellence with the help of its employees. So the Classical Theory is surely going to inversely affect the strategy of Tesco. The Bureaucratic Theory’s impact is similar to the Classic School Theory. But this approach is providing a helping hand in organizing the overall working of the Tesco. But only defining the duties of the employees and organizing them is not enough. The Tesco’s strategy is to run the organization in a disciplined manner, keeping in mind the feelings of its employees.The impact of Human Relation Theory on Tesco’s strategy is not good enough. It should be kept in mind that this theory alone is not enough to provide any progress in long term. But the good thing about it is that it takes into account the ideas of all the employees. The Contemporary and Contingency Theories have a good impact on Tesco’s strategy. Both these theories are leading Tesco towards excellence. Changing the style according to the situation and sticking to the overall performance is surely good enough fo r Tesco’s progress in long term.AC(2. 2): Create a leadership strategy that supports organizational direction in your chosen organization. We have seen the impact of different theories of management and leadership on the strategy of Tesco. And we came to the conclusion that there is no single theory that can support Tesco’s strategy. Everything depends on the situation of that organization in a particular time frame. So in the case of Tesco the best strategy that supports organizational direction is the Bureaucratic approach along with a flavor of Human Relation theory.The Bureaucratic approach will be helpful in achieving the organizational goals and keeping everything on track. It will also help Tesco to maintain its day-to-day budgets in control and will make some serious profits for the organization. The Human relation approach will take into account the feelings and needs of the staff and the people attached with Tesco. It will ensure that the workforce is enjoyin g its time working with Tesco and take their work to perfection. This new combination will be very helpful in maintaining the discipline in the organization and will be very beneficial for the employees.So the working and the progress of Tesco will be very smooth. The people will be aware of their position and duty in Tesco and they will be free to work out a plan for performing their duties efficiently. Although this new leadership strategy seems a bit odd to many people but if it is implemented in its true spirit, it will be very helpful. AC(3. 1): Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements. There are certain methods available for reviewing the leadership requirements. Some of them are listed below.Blake and Moulton’s Managerial grid: According to Mullins (2005), Blake and Moulton’s Managerial grid is one of the several methods available for reviewing leadership requirements. According to this method, all managerial and leadership styles are re viewed on the basis of two main rules. 1. Concern for Results; and 2. Concern for People. In the first case, manager diverts all its energy on the accomplishing of tasks in given time. This is shown along the horizontal axis on the grid. While in second case, employees and their needs are given importance.And this is represented along the vertical axis of the grid. Barratt and Mottershead (2000) have narrated this grid as a Matrix of managerial styles. [pic] Figure: Blake and Moulton’s Managerial Grid (Source: http://www. gridod. com/images/LeadershipGrid. jpg) The numbers inside the grid indicate the degree of concern of the mangers. For example; managers with a rating of (9,1) practice Autocratic style because they show little concern for the employees. On the other hand, a rating of (1,9) depicts the behavior of a Democratic manager. It is also referred as â€Å"Country Club† management by some authors.According to my research and findings, the management style of T esco, on the basis of Blake and Moulton’s managerial grid, should be rated as (7,5). 360 ° Feedback: According to Mullins (2005), â€Å"The idea of 360 ° feedback involves an appraisal and feedback from different groups within the work situation – peers and subordinates as well as bosses, and possibly internal and external customers. † The main purpose of the 360 ° feedback is to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of an individual or an organization. It may include a self-assessment questionnaire.This feedback helps in overcoming the weaknesses and exploiting the strengths of the organization. [pic] Figure: Mulins’s 360 Degree Feedback Cycle Source: http://recordtracker. net/images/pic_360. gif MBO (Management by Objective): Another common approach in reviewing leadership and management styles is Management by Objectives commonly known as MBO. According to Mullins (2005, p. 249), MBO is a system of management which is aimed at relating the organ izational goals to individual performances and development through the involvement of all levels of management.While Morris (1999), is of the view that the top manager should set an overall objective, and should convey it to the lower management for completion. MBO is potentially an attractive system. It provides an opportunity for staff to accept greater responsibility and to make a higher level of personal contribution. {Mullins (2005)} [pic] Source: http://leapcomp. com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/mbo-process-cycle2. gif Mc. Gregory’s Theory X and Theory Y: The figure defines both the theories in detail. The bottom line is that Theory X is Task oriented and Theory Y is Relationship oriented. [pic]Source: http://www. vectorstudy. com/management_theories/img/theory_x_y. gif AC(3. 2): Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership. A good leader is always prepared for the any kind of challenge. He acts quickly and accurately according to the given situation . We can say that a good leader takes the right decision at the right time. I have listed a couple of future situations here that will require a firm leadership. Conflict Resolution: You cannot stop conflicts from occurring between individuals and organizations. Sometimes these conflicts are useful and sometimes they are not.When I say useful, it means that sometimes new ideas are created from these conflicts. Or these conflicts point to a deficiency or a week point in the management of the organization. So they are helpful in pinpointing the lapses. On the other hand sometime these conflicts leave a bad impression. Whatever the reason is, conflicts should be resolved smoothly. So for the purpose of conflict resolution a leader should be there with a remedy. And it is then up to the leader to resolve that conflict in any way he likes; whether by choosing Autocratic style or by Democratic style.Merger and Acquisition: Another most important situation for an organization is merger or acquisition. It’s a really very difficult decision. You have to be very accurate in your calculations and should have a good insight of market trends. A leader with a vision and deep thinking is essential in this case. Either you are going for merger or going for acquisition, you should be able to foresee the state of your employees and organization in coming years. Recession: A couple of years ago there was no concept of recession on a large scale. But now many of the world’s most popular economies are facing difficult times.Now-a-days recession has become a worst nightmare for many people around the globe. And according to the economist it is the only chance for organizations to control their budget. So for recession there should be a strong leader with a clear cut policy. This is the worst case scenario and a true test of a leadership that how it overcomes recession. Adaptation for change in technology, taste and performance: Change is the unchangeable law of nature . And adaptation for change is very difficult for certain organizations and it may be due to many factors.One of the key factors is that many old employees don’t welcome change because they are used to work in old fashion and any change in technology, taste and performance is a bit difficult for them. So a sincere leadership is required for any change to become successful in organization, a leadership that is able to remove the ambiguities from the minds of all employees about the nature of the change. Natural Disaster: Another very important situation that requires a leadership is a natural disaster. During the period of a natural disaster many employees and organizations are in a state of ambiguity.They are unable to perform their duties efficiently. That’s why a firm and dedicated leadership is required, that is capable of overcoming the difficulties, and is capable enough to restore the confidence of the employees and organization. AC(4. 1): Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement. There are certain skills that every leadership should possess. True leaders have these skills in their genes and others adopt them during the course of their life. But one thing is certain that these skills are present in all the great leaders of the world.The possession of these qualities is not enough; a good leader should be able to develop these skills and to be able to apply them in accordance with the requirement. A good leader possesses the right skills and uses them in the behavior that best suits the current situation. The main skill of a leader is its influence. A good leader always uses its influence on its followers to obtain the best results. Inspiration can bring huge changes in organizations. So a good leader should always try to develop and enhance its influence by empowering its employees. So this skill can be developed by self-help by learning from mistakes.A good leader should have good communication skills. He should be able to communicate easily with his team members. Now-a-days the world is becoming a global village and to become a good leader, one has to be able to understand the feelings of others. So a leader should practice more and more to master this skill. A good leader should always be adaptable to change. He should have a vision and he should try to introduce modern ways of getting things done. He should encourage his staff to use new technology and new techniques for their routine work. He should be confident and determined in his vision.So he should arrange seminars and workshops to convey his vision to his followers. A good leader should be unbiased; he should be able to manage diversity within an organization. He should be role model for all the employees from any origin. He should be punctual and honest. It’s only through his own punctuality that he can maintain discipline in the organization. A good leader should be able to communicate the policy and regulations of the o rganization to every single employee. And that can only happen when he first exercises them himself before communicating to others.He should be able to expand the organization in all ways possible. He should be able to appoint new staff and train the old staff according to the new technology. He should arrange training courses and other developmental activities for his company. He should also use his powers to keep the organizations on track. And most importantly he should use his power of rewarding for winning the heart of his employees. He should be a good speaker so that in any situation he is able to explain the position of organization in an effective manner.A good leader should possess good coordination skills for maintaining the integrity between different departments of the organization. Discipline should be the main thing for a leader and there should be no excuse for it. Because it is the main factor that can change the fate of the organization. A good leader should be hon est and well-wisher of its people. He should stick to his commitments and promises. A leader should be a good listener; it helps him in overcoming the weaknesses of the organization and sometimes gives him a chance to grab some new ideas as well. AC(4. ): Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills. There are certain methods that we can use to plan the development of leadership skills. One of the best methods is to call a meeting of the staff and ask about their ideas. The best method, however, is 360 ° feedback. It helps you in understanding your exact position in organization. Another widely used method is to gather as much information as you can about the life of great leaders. It will help you in adopting their skills and their secrets of the trade. Another way of developing leadership skills is to get familiar with your followers.It will help you in understanding their feelings and their needs, which in turn will help you in managing their needs. So we used different plans for the development of leadership skills including; seminars, meetings, training courses, self-help, learning from mistakes and a lot others. All these methods are very useful to plan the development of leadership skills. Seminars and workshops are very helpful in understanding the point of view of other people. Training courses help in understanding and overcoming new challenges. These courses help organizations to implement effective ways of getting things done.They also help in creating a learning environment in an organization. Meetings should be arranged regularly; this will help a leader in developing his communication and coordination skills. Another very important method is exchange visits. These are very helpful in developing leadership skills. These visits may be between different sections of the same organization or between different organizations. These are very helpful in developing the leadership skill of managing diversity. Refe rences: Barratt, Mottershead. (2000), Business Studies, Italy, G. Cannale & C. S. p. A Borgano T. se – Turin.Brindley, Buckley. (2004), Business Studies, A-Level Study Guide, Hants, Ashford Color Press, Gasport, Hants: Pearson Education Limited. Business Management Study Manual, The Association of Business Executives. Heller, Hindle (2008), Essential Manager’s Manual, London: A Penguin Company Marcouse, Surridge and Gillespie (2008), Business Studies for A Level, Third edition, Italy: Hodder Education. Morris, M. J. (1999), The First Time Manager, 2nd Edition, London: Clays Ltd, St Ives plc. Mullins, L. (2005), Management and Organizational Behaviour, 7th Edition, Essex; Pearson Education Ltd.The Association of Business Executives, Organizational Behaviour Whitcomb, A. (2000), Comprehensive Business Studies, 5th Edition, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. http://www. emeraldinsight. com/products/journals/journals. htm? id=sl (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http://www. Tesco. co. uk (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http://top7business. com/? id=2113 by Akhil Shahani (Accessed on 20th October, 2010) Bibliography: Greene, Stellman (2005), Applied Software Project Management, O’Reilly Inc. Jenkins, Hamman (2001), GCSE Business Studies, Italy: Hodder and StoughtonEducational Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn (2002), Organizational Behavior, 7th Edition, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. http://www. ccl. org/leadership/pdf/research/LeadershipStrategy. pdf (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http://www. emeraldinsight. com/products/journals/journals. htm? id=sl (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/strategy. html (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http://www. zeromillion. com/business/leadership-strategy. html (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http://www. businessballs. com/leadership. htm (Accessed on 20th October, 2010)

There Are Lots of Ways to Say I Love You in German

A widespread clichà © of Americans among Germans is that they tend to love everybody and everything and do not shrink from telling everybody about it. And to be sure, Americans do tend to say â€Å"I love you† more often than their counterparts in German-speaking countries. Why Not Use  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ich Liebe Dich† Liberally Sure, â€Å"I love you† translates literally as â€Å"Ich liebe dich† and vice versa. But you cant sprinkle this phrase quite so liberally throughout your conversation as you might in English.  There are many different ways to tell people that you like or even love them. You only say â€Å"Ich liebe dich† to somebody you really, really love—your long-term girlfriend/boyfriend, your wife/husband, or somebody you have very strong feelings for. Germans dont say it rashly. It is something they must feel sure about. So if youre in a relationship with a German-speaker and waiting to hear those three little words, dont despair. Many would rather avoid using such a strong expression until they are completely sure its true. Germans Use Lieben Less Frequently Than... In general, German speakers, particularly older ones, use the word â€Å"lieben† less frequently than Americans do. They are more likely to use the phrase Ich mag (I like) when describing something. Lieben is considered a powerful word, whether you are using it about another person or an experience or an object. Younger people, who have been more influenced by American culture, may tend to use the word lieben more often than their older counterparts. Just a bit less intense might be â€Å"Ich hab’ dich lieb† (literally, I have love for you) or just â€Å"ich mag dich† which means â€Å"I like you†.   This is the phrase used to tell your feelings to beloved family members, relatives, friends or even your partner (especially in an early stage of your relationship). It is not as binding as using the word â€Å"Liebe†. There is a huge difference between â€Å"lieb† and â€Å"Liebe†, even if there is just one letter more. To tell somebody you like him as â€Å"ich mag dich† is just not something you would tell everyone. Germans tend to be economical with their feelings and their expressions. The Right Way to Express Affection   But there is another way of expressing affection: â€Å"Du gefà ¤llst mir† is hard to translate properly. It wouldn’t be suitable to equal it with â€Å"I like you† even it is indeed rather close. It means more than you are attracted to somebody—literally you please me. It can be used to mean you like somebodys style, their way of acting, the eyes, whatever–perhaps more like â€Å"you are lovely†. If you have made the first steps and acted and especially talked correctly to your beloved, you can go further and tell him or her that you have fallen in love: â€Å"Ich bin in dich verliebt† or â€Å"ich habe mich in dich verliebt†. Rather ponderous, right? It all comes together with the basic tendency of Germans to be rather reserved until they really know you.